Throughout history children, i.e. human beings below the age of eighteen years, have been exposed to violations. There is a gradual transition between neglect, maltreatment and torture of children. Corporal punishment by parents, teachers or public authorities, hard labour or misuse as 'professional' beggars are still common. New-born infants, especially female babies are constantly left behind or killed. In many places female adolescents and young women are exposed to mandatory virginity testing.