The most recent National Family Health Survey (NFHS 3, 2005-2006) was the first population-based survey in India to collect HIV prevalence data from a representative sample of women and men . As in other population-based surveys aimed at estimating national HIV prevalence, the NFHS conducted voluntary, unlinked anonymous testing (UAT) . Eligible individuals were read an informed consent statement including the information that they would not receive test results. Those consenting provided blood spot samples. Although HIV status could not be traced back to the individual, the data were linked to non-identifying information from individuals such as educational attainment, household wealth, and behavioural factors to facilitate an examination of the patterns and correlates of HIV infection.