The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) has barred individuals whose circulating testosterone levels are higher than 5 nmol/L from competing in women’s competitions in middle-distance track events. To become eligible, they must take anti-testosterone treatment to achieve the appropriate testosterone levels. The 2019 decision of the Court of Arbitration for Sport has brought the spotlight back on Caster Semenya’s case and on the ethics of testing the testosterone levels of sports persons with or without consent, imposing anti-testosterone treatment in order to qualify to participate in sports competitions for females. This article debates all the issues concerned from various perspectives.