DOI: https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2007.047
Laws that regulate the identification of a foetus and the termination of a pregnancy in India are shaped by their social context. The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971, discriminates against unmarried women by not recognising that unwanted pregnancies in unmarried women could result in at least as much anguish and suffering as that experienced by married women. While the MTP Act permits the abortion of foetuses with disabilities, the Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act’s ban on identifying the foetus’s sex prevents the use of sex-detection to identify foetuses at high risk of sex-linked diseases.
Two laws in India regulate the determination of the sex of the foetus and abortion. The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, 1971, primarily aimed to make it possible to use abortion as a mechanism of family planning (1). This law stipulates that if certain conditions are fulfilled, an abortion can lawfully be done. Before this law came into existence, the Indian Penal Code (Act No 45 of 1860) permitted abortion only when it was necessary for saving the life of the woman.
When technologies were developed that made it possible to detect the sex of the foetus, and in the absence of any regulation of the use of such technologies, they began to be used for sex-selective abortions that discriminated against the girl child. In 1994 the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act was enacted; subsequent amendments resulting in the Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Technique (Prohibition of Sex Selection) (PCPNDT) Act, 2003, plugged certain loopholes (2).
The mere enactment of a law does not imply that the law is ethical and just, fair and reasonable. We argue in this article that it is unethical and unjust to allow only married women to get an abortion under the MTP Act. We also argue that one provision of the MTP Act is negated by the PCPNDT Act. The ethical issues related to abortion as well as disability-related abortion, which continue to be debated, will take a backseat for the purposes of this article.
The initiative to enact the MTP Act came from groups that looked at it as a law for family planning. However, the government and the then ruling Congress party consistently defended the law by saying that it was not for family planning and that it was social legislation aimed at empowering women (3).
The MTP Act of 1971 did not provide abortion as a right to women. It expanded the permitted reasons for abortion in India, legalising abortion subject to the fulfilment of the following conditions: (a) risk of death or grave mental or physical injury to the health of the pregnant woman; (b) risk that the child, if born, would suffer from serious physical or mental abnormalities; (c) where the pregnancy is caused by rape and (d) where a married woman is pregnant as a result of the failure of a contraceptive device. The number of medical practitioners required to give their assent for termination of the pregnancy is contingent upon the duration of the pregnancy. Abortion on any grounds other than those specified in the law is an offence punishable under the Indian Penal Code.
These conditions may appear to be inflexible, but each condition can be interpreted according to the ethics of the practitioner. For example, the definition of “serious physical and mental abnormalities” is subjective and this permits practitioners to devise different standards to judge specific situations. Similarly “failure of contraception” has been read as “non-use of contraceptives”. It is pertinent to note that this condition comes from the context of family planning in which the law emerged.
While context is important, it is not the only factor that determines the justness of legislation. A lot of progress has been made in theories of law, especially laws that relate to the rights and roles of women. The MTP Act
The two laws related to abortion create ethical dilemmas for doctors as well as pregnant women. The MTP Act contains general provisions but also restricts abortion due to contraceptive failure to married women alone. This effectively gives doctors the power to provide or refuse abortions depending on their personal views. While the MTP Act permits abortion of a foetus with serious abnormalities, the PCPNDT Act does not permit the identification of the sex of the foetus for the purpose of eliminating sex-linked disorders.